In 1903, following the Kishinev Pogrom a variety of Russian antisemities , including the Black Hundreds and the Tzarist Secret Police begancombining earlier works alleging a Jewish plot to take control of the world into new formats.
One particlar version of these allegations, "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" (subtitle Protocols extracted from the secret archives of the central chancery of Zion) arranged by Sergei Nilus achieved global notability. In 1903 the editor claimed that the protocols revealed the menace of Zionism.
...which has the task of uniting all the Jews of the whole world in one union-a union that is more closely knit and more dabgerous then the Jesuits.
The book contains fictional minuts of an imaginary meeting in which alleged Jewish leaders plotted to take over the world. Nilus later claimed they were presented to the elders by Herzl (the "Prince of Exile") at the first Zionist congress.
A Polish edition claimed they were taken from Herzl´s flat in Austria and a 1920 German version renamed them "The Zionist Protocols".
The protocols were one of the earliest, and possibly the most important example of the many cases in which anti-semitism has manifested as anti-Zionism or vice versa and were extensively used by the Nazis.
They remain relatively widely ditributed in the Arab world and are also referred to in the 1988 Hamas charter (articel 32):
The Zionist plan is limitless. After Palestine, the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates. When they will have digested the region they overtook, they will aspire to further expansion, and so on. Their plan is embodied in the "Protocols of Elders of Zion"..
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